The purpose of this work is to present an educational experience with a group of high school students with the theme of recovering springs and water use in a rural community in the state of Oaxaca. It was carried out applying a formative project in a real problem of the context was approached, given its nature, it was possible to develop it transversally with the support of other subjects. According to the need within the community to cope with droughts and (...) water use, a campaign was carried out to raise awareness, reforestation, recovery of aquifers and aquifers that were abandoned with the support of students, parents and authorities. Working with training projects from the socioformative approach is an opportunity to develop competences among students inside and outside the classroom, since the practice is not focused on the learning of knowledge, it also allows solving real and contextualized problems, in this way the student learn, reflect and participate in society. Keywords: environment, training projects, socio-formation, knowledge society. (shrink)

Partiendo primeramente de una reconsideración de algunas fechas claves de nuestra historia presente (caída del Muro de Berlín, 11-S, Gran Recesión y crisis sanitaria producida por la covid-19), propongo explorar en segundo lugar la relación entre ética y resiliencia, tal y como este último concepto ha sido reintroducido en nuestro vocabulario por una nueva generación de teóricos de las Relaciones Internacionales y los Estudios de Seguridad. La idea es mostrar que la resiliencia debe concebirse como algo más que una capacidad (...) individual para recuperarse del trauma y superar las dificultades, aspectos que podrían exponerla a la crítica de ser un discurso más de la gobernabilidad del nuevo orden neoliberal. En la tradición filosófica, la resiliencia apunta a una ética que resulta especialmente importante para la vida política. Trataré de conectar en tercer y último lugar la idea de resiliencia con la de razón pública, mostrando algunos de sus límites, que hoy se manifiestan en la irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación. La resiliencia podría aportar un nuevo ethos para el debate sobre el futuro de la democracia. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar el reciente proyecto de Jeriy Fodor consistente en combinar una semántica informacional para el lenguaje del pensamiento y una teoría computacional de los procesos mentales. Examinamos, en primer lugar, una noción central en la obra de Fodor: la noción de "mecanismo". Defendemos entonces que, al menos para los llamados "casos-Frege", la propuesta de Fodor en The Blm and tite Expert (1994) no es satisfactoria.

Ante la tendencia de la razón que reduce al ente humano a lo general, intentando despojarlo de lo que lo hace refractario al Todo, haciéndole manipulable, como si tratase de un objeto, hay que afirmar su individualidad. Hay que afirmarla porque lo propio de la homogeneidad es el instante y permanecer en el instante es hastío, ese tipo de hastío que es sufrimiento. ¿Cómo podríamos hacer esto de la mano del filósofo judío Emmanuel Lévinas? La filosofía levinasiana afirma la singularidad (...) del ente humano anteponiendo la ética a la ontología. Es en la relación ética, y ante todo la relación paterno-filial, donde Lévinas estudia qué ocurre en la subjetividad al situarse frente al otro, pues en ella concurren las experiencias que muestran la salida de la homogeneidad del ser. Es decir, frente al hijo, al yo le sucede un despertar en cuanto que le aleja del instante, quedando los límites del tiempo dilatados. (shrink)

La religiosidad popular es una de las manifestaciones más patentes en la cultura de los pueblos y una importante y recurrente forma de expresión del patrimonio cultural intangible. Se transforma y evoluciona a la par del desarrollo social y juega un importante papel en la trasmisión de conocimientos culturales. Es a su vez un cardinal instrumento didáctico en la enseñanza de la historia y el patrimonio vinculado a ella. El objetivo del presente artículo es demostrar el valor educativo e importancia (...) del patrimonio cultural inmaterial, de la necesidad de su estudio, preservación y difusión de los exponentes materiales que le son inherentes, a través de un acontecimiento vinculado a la religiosidad popular, de gran significación y sin precedentes en la cultura matancera. (shrink)

El propósito de esta investigación es describir el impacto de las acciones de vinculación de las empresas en las instituciones educativas superiores. La metodología se basó en estudios documentales y encuestas aplicadas a estudiantes y egresados de una Universidad. Los resultados destacan que los estudiantes que participan en programas en estadías de vinculación en las organizaciones durante su estancia en las universidades tienen mayores posibilidades de ejercer su práctica profesional. Se concluye científicamente que las instituciones educativas superiores que proporcionan prácticas (...) a estudiantes en la industria aumentan su matrícula merced a la incorporación a la práctica profesional. (shrink)

Aflicción no es un término que mencione Nietzsche a propósito del hombre moderno, sin embargo, y ésta es la tesis que se intenta demostrar, esta palabra responde a la manera en la que actúa el moderno en relación a su «voluntad de poder», es decir, ante el carácter propenso a dominar que para Nietzsche se manifiesta en todas las funciones básicas de lo vivo. Es el modo o los caminos por los que el moderno ha buscado dominar, lo que da (...) muestra de su congoja ante su «voluntad de poder».Nietzsche plantea que la única realidad a la que tenemos acceso es a la de nuestra vida instintiva. Es decir, que la única expresión de la vida de la que nosotros tenemos cierto tipo de experiencia «directa»1 es la de nuestro mundo de apetitos y pasiones. Ahora bien, ¿cómo explicar nuestra vida instintiva? Pues mediante una tesis que la designe y defina desde su carácter inteligible, a saber, la «voluntad de poder». Por lo tanto, la «voluntad de poder» no define a la vida entendida como otra realidad externa a nosotros, sino que designa el carácter de la única expresión de la vida a la que tenemos acceso directo, esto es, de nuestro mundo de apetitos y pasiones. En este sentido el hombre es un conglomerado de voluntades de poder y el cuerpo es un conjunto de centros vitales que luchan entre sí. (shrink)

José María Vigil y Antonio Caso fueron dos defensores de la democracia liberal y de la posibilidad de un limitado, aunque efectivo, manejo consciente de los asuntos públicos y sociales dentro de los contextos adversos de México durante la administración de Porfirio Díaz y en el periodo post-revolucionario. Ambos autores basan sus posiciones en una crítica concerniente al positivismo y al determinismo social, que apuntaría hacia una manera de pensar muy distante del pensamiento subjetivista, aunque muy cercana a un (...) “realismo directo” epistemológico que establece que el mundo no es de hecho una construcción subjetiva o intersubjetiva que debe interpretarse subjetiva o intersubjetivamente. Sin embargo, esto no es algo que pueda saberse a través de una copia mental o representación de sus entidades y procesos. Tal vez el defensor más evocador del realismo directo en la historia ha sido el filósofo escocés del siglo XVIII, Thomas Reid, un gran representante del “sensocomunismo” explícitamente recuperado por Vigil y reivindicado tácitamente por Antonio Caso. (shrink)

The notion of conceptual space, proposed by Gärdenfors as a framework for the representation of concepts and knowledge, has been highly influential over the last decade or so. One of the main theses involved in this approach is that the conceptual regions associated with properties, concepts, verbs, etc. are convex. The aim of this paper is to show that such a constraint—that of the convexity of the geometry of conceptual regions—is problematic; both from a theoretical perspective and with regard to (...) the inner workings of the theory itself. On the one hand, all the arguments provided in favor of the convexity of conceptual regions rest on controversial assumptions. Additionally, his argument in support of a Euclidean metric, based on the integral character of conceptual dimensions, is weak, and under non-Euclidean metrics the structure of regions may be non-convex. Furthermore, even if the metric were Euclidean, the convexity constraint could be not satisfied if concepts were differentially weighted. On the other hand, Gärdenfors’ convexity constraint is brought into question by the own inner workings of conceptual spaces because: some of the allegedly convex properties of concepts are not convex; the conceptual regions resulting from the combination of convex properties can be non-convex; convex regions may co-vary in non-convex ways; and his definition of verbs is incompatible with a definition of properties in terms of convex regions. Therefore, the mandatory character of the convexity requirement for regions in a conceptual space theory should be reconsidered. (shrink)

The authors of Beziau and Franceschetto work with logics that have the property of not satisfying any of the formulations of the principle of non contradiction, Béziau and Franceschetto also analyze, among the three-valued logics, which of these logics satisfy this property. They prove that there exist only four of such logics, but only two of them are worthwhile to study. The language of these logics does not consider implication as a connective. However, the enrichment of a language with an (...) implication connective leads us to more interesting systems, therefore we look for one implication for these logics and we study further properties that the logics obtain when this connective is added to these systems. (shrink)

In the last 20 years the Turing test has been left further behind by new developments in artificial intelligence. At the same time, however, these developments have revived some key elements of the Turing test: imitation and adversarialness. On the one hand, many generative models, such as generative adversarial networks, build imitators under an adversarial setting that strongly resembles the Turing test. The term “Turing learning” has been used for this kind of setting. On the other hand, AI benchmarks are (...) suffering an adversarial situation too, with a ‘challenge-solve-and-replace’ evaluation dynamics whenever human performance is ‘imitated’. The particular AI community rushes to replace the old benchmark by a more challenging benchmark, one for which human performance would still be beyond AI. These two phenomena related to the Turing test are sufficiently distinctive, important and general for a detailed analysis. This is the main goal of this paper. After recognising the abyss that appears beyond superhuman performance, we build on Turing learning to identify two different evaluation schemas: Turing testing and adversarial testing. We revisit some of the key questions surrounding the Turing test, such as ‘understanding’, commonsense reasoning and extracting meaning from the world, and explore how the new testing paradigms should work to unmask the limitations of current and future AI. Finally, we discuss how behavioural similarity metrics could be used to create taxonomies for artificial and natural intelligence. Both testing schemas should complete a transition in which humans should give way to machines—not only as references to be imitated but also as judges—when pursuing and measuring machine intelligence. (shrink)

The main factor of intelligence is defined as the ability tocomprehend, formalising this ability with the help of new constructsbased on descriptional complexity. The result is a comprehension test,or C- test, which is exclusively defined in computational terms. Due toits absolute and non-anthropomorphic character, it is equally applicableto both humans and non-humans. Moreover, it correlates with classicalpsychometric tests, thus establishing the first firm connection betweeninformation theoretical notions and traditional IQ tests. The TuringTest is compared with the C- test and the (...) combination of the two isquestioned. In consequence, the idea of using the Turing Test as apractical test of intelligence should be surpassed, and substituted bycomputational and factorial tests of different cognitive abilities, amuch more useful approach for artificial intelligence progress and formany other intriguing questions that present themselves beyond theTuring Test. (shrink)

Smart grids are designed to revolutionize the energy sector by creating a smarter, more efficient and reliable power supply network. The rise of smart grids is a response to the need for a more comprehensive and sophisticated energy system that caters to the needs of homes and businesses. Key features of smart grids include the integration of renewable energy sources, decentralized generation and advanced distribution networks. At the heart of smart grids is a sophisticated metering system, consisting of intelligent electronic (...) devices that measure energy consumption and enable two-way communication between the utility company and the consumer. The information exchanged via these devices is critical, as it includes sensitive data such as energy consumption patterns and billing information. With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0, the security of this information is of utmost importance. This paper delves into the security challenges faced by advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and highlights the crucial role played by cryptography in ensuring the secure exchange of sensitive information. Cryptographic protocols such as encryption, authentication and digital signatures are essential components of a secure smart grid infrastructure. These protocols work together to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of the information exchanged between the utility company and the consumer. (shrink)

A genuine commitment to ethics and compliance (E&C) programs means that top management adopt them for what they represent and not for other purposes. Only then can they truly build socially responsible behavior and a successful and sustainable business, as stated in the latest international standard for compliance management practice (ISO 37301:2021), which we found to be consistent with a new business narrative as conceptualized in Freeman's work. However, it also requires that top managers place a moral value on these (...) practices, rather than simply using them for instrumental reasons. Building on Kohlberg's six stages of moral development as applied to managers' moral thinking, this manuscript offers a model to explain how top managers' moral valuing of these practices varies along a moral reasoning continuum, resulting in four distinct modes. It also theorizes that each mode of moral valuing yields an archetype of E&C programs. It thus offers a new approach that contributes to the business ethics and management literature by incorporating a morally grounded perspective on the adoption and implementation of E&C practices and how it might shape their features and characteristics. It also aims to improve professional practice and business contributions to Freeman's ideas through genuine ethics‐based E&C programs. (shrink)

Recently, Casasanto and Lupyan (2015) have asserted that there are no context-independent concepts: all concepts are constructed ad hoc when they are instantiated. My aim is to show that the ad hoc cognition framework can be characterized by a similarity-based theory of concepts, and that two different notions of concept should be distinguished —which may be identified with two distinct stages of their life cycle (storage and instantiation). This approach brings together virtues from opposing views: (a) invariantist: stored concepts are (...) stable enough to collect new information; (b) contextualist: instantiated concepts are context-dependent, what explains our adaptive ability to changing environments. (shrink)

Tolerancia y laicismo representan dos formas de abordar la relación del Estado europeo con las religiones. En sus orígenes ambas apelaron a la libertad de conciencia y a la neutralidad del Estado. Sin embargo, mientras que la primera buscó definir una identidad estatal, la segunda se ocupó de los límites de toda violencia estatal, incluida la violencia simbólica contra las prácticas culturales de grupos minoritarios. El laicismo podría pasar a formar parte de la futura identidad europea siempre y cuando sepa (...) hacer frente a las demandas de la nueva ciudadanía democrática, que son fruto de su creciente pluralismo. De hecho, en la última década se ha abierto paso un nuevo enfoque de la ciudadanía que pueda responder mejor a las demandas de reconocimiento planteadas por las llamadas “políticas de la identidad”. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar en qué medida la política del reconocimiento puede contribuir a la formación de una ciudadanía europea basada en las ideas de tolerancia y laicismo. (shrink)

Animals, including humans, are usually judged on what they could become, rather than what they are. Many physical and cognitive abilities in the ‘animal kingdom’ are only acquired (to a given degree) when the subject reaches a certain stage of development, which can be accelerated or spoilt depending on how the environment, training or education is. The term ‘potential ability’ usually refers to how quick and likely the process of attaining the ability is. In principle, things should not be different (...) for the ‘machine kingdom’. While machines can be characterised by a set of cognitive abilities, and measuring them is already a big challenge, known as ‘universal psychometrics’, a more informative, and yet more challenging, goal would be to also determine the potential cognitive abilities of a machine. In this paper we investigate the notion of potential cognitive ability for machines, focussing especially on universality and intelligence. We consider several machine characterisations (non-interactive and interactive) and give definitions for each case, considering permanent and temporal potentials. From these definitions, we analyse the relation between some potential abilities, we bring out the dependency on the environment distribution and we suggest some ideas about how potential abilities can be measured. Finally, we also analyse the potential of environments at different levels and briefly discuss whether machines should be designed to be intelligent or potentially intelligent. (shrink)

El derecho para el fin del mundo es una categoría epistémica de emergencia para generar consciencia sobre una postura filosófica que cada día adquiere más peso y que se sustenta en un hiperindividualismo que exacerba todo lo negativo de la modernidad, basándose en el miedo y fomentando una postura egoísta y altamente elitista.

El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar los cambios producidos en la percepción del alumnado de 1.º de Bachillerato, respecto a la enseñanza de la historia, tras la implementación de una unidad didáctica que fomenta la enseñanza de competencias de pensamiento histórico mediante la gamificación. La investigación es de tipo cuantitativo y se sustenta en la realización y análisis de un pretest y postest a estudiantes que cursan la asignatura de Historia del Mundo Contemporáneo. Los resultados evidencian que el (...) alumnado percibe diferencias en el uso de recursos como el libro de texto y las TIC y en el aprendizaje de habilidades, como el análisis de fuentes y la identificación de cambios y continuidades en el tiempo. En conclusión, esta unidad didáctica aportó una mayor motivación gracias a la gamificación y contribuyó a un aprendizaje de la historia basado en competencias. (shrink)

La integración de libros electrónicos como elementos destinados a favorecer la construcción de aprendizajes en los procesos educativos, supone una serie de conocimientos previos concernientes a las tendencias hipertextuales del e-book que los estudiantes universitarios deberían poseer, dadas las características de la sociedad actual en la que los jóvenes hacen uso cotidiano de ese tipo de tecnología para llevar a cabo diversas tareas. En ese tenor, el presente trabajo da cuenta de una investigación realizada con una población estudiantil de la (...) Carrera de Cirujano Dentista, cuyo objetivo se encaminó a identificar aquellos elementos involucrados con la adopción del libro en formato electrónico como apoyo didáctico para la asignatura Metodología de la Investigación. (shrink)

The assembly of products or components by operators in industries is a complex task with recurring problems. In these processes, operators often make errors that can lead to defective products. Therefore, they need to be inspected later to verify their correct assembly. The main problems are caused by several reasons including high employee turnover, lack of experience in manufacturing specific products or confusion in interpreting instructions to assemble similar components. In this paper, a novel structured language aimed to describe the (...) required actions to manufacture a product in industrial assembly environments is presented. The main contribution is to provide a formal language to feed automatic systems that can verify through visual control whether the actions performed by the operator are carried out following the standard described by this language. In general, the use of this formal language will allow to minimize the negative impact of errors during assembly and to reduce waste in many forms in the industry. (shrink)

Las cinco memorias de Poincaré sobre funciones y grupos fuchsianos publicadas en Acta Mathematica entre 1882 y 1884 constituyen la culminación de la teoría geométrica de funciones y el origen de un gran número de problemas de la Matemática actual. La cuarta memoria, dedicada a los grupos de monodromía de las ecuaciones diferenciales lineales de tipo Fuchs, es la menos conocida pese a contener resultados interesantes tanto en torno al problema de Riemann-Hilbert como a la estructura de los espacios de (...) moduli de curvas algebraicas. En esta nota, expuesta en un ciclo de conferencias sobre Poincaré en su sesquicentenario, organizado en la Real Academia de Ciencias, se exponen las conexiones de esta memoria con resultados recientes de la teoría de Galois diferencial.…. (shrink)

Uno de los grandes problemas que enfrenta la educación en la actualidad, radica en el hecho de que los profesores de pronto se ven invadidos, y en su caso, obligados a utilizar las computadoras, los dispositivos móviles e Internet en el salón de clase. La falta de programas efectivos de capacitación y formación docente en el uso y aplicación de las TIC en los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje, se ha convertido en un problema de grandes dimensiones que alcanza prácticamente a (...) todos los niveles educativos. Ante tal escenario, el presente trabajo pretende la adopción por parte de los profesores, de una herramienta que les sea de utilidad para orientar su formación en el campo de las TIC: “El árbol diagnóstico de las competencias digitales”, el cual ofrece un panorama general acerca de los recursos informáticos y de la Web que hemos identificado como relevantes en el ejercicio de la docencia. Este “árbol diagnóstico” es el resultado de un proceso de evaluación y seguimiento llevado a cabo con grupos de profesores que ya utilizan la tecnología en su práctica docente; y tiene la finalidad de orientar y facilitar el aprendizaje autónomo de los profesores que se inician en el uso de las TIC. (shrink)

Recently, Casasanto and Lupyan (2015) have proposed an appealing and daring thesis: there are no context-independent concepts—that is, all concepts are ad hoc concepts. They argue that the seeming stability of concepts is merely due to commonalities across their different instantiations but that, in fact, there is nothing invariant in them. In their view, concepts only exist when they are instantiated for categorizing, communicating, drawing inferences, etc., and those instantiations are produced on the fly from a set of contextual cues. (...) However, the main weakness of Casasanto and Lupyan’s framework is that it lacks a proposal for articulating it within a theory on the structure of concepts. My aim is to show that the ad hoc cognition framework can be characterized by means of a prototype theory of concepts developed in terms of a conceptual similarity space. (shrink)

This paper defines in a formal and computational way the notion of ‘consilience’, a term introduced by Whewell in 1847 for the evaluation of scientific theories. Informally, as has been used to date, a model or theory is ‘consilient’ if it is predictive, explanatory and unifies the evide-nce. Centred in a constructive framework, where new terms can be intro-duced, we essay a formalisation of the idea of unification based on the avoidance of ‘sepa-ration’. However, it is soon manifest that this (...) classical approach is vulnerable to the introduction of fantastic concepts to unify disparate sub-theories. Our second approach is constructed by using a detailed evaluation of the relationship between the theory and the evid-ence by means of reinforcement propagation. With the use of reinfor-cement, fantastic concepts can be better detected and the role of con-silience for theory construction and revision can be specialised for dif-ferent inference mechanisms like explanatory induction, abduction, deduc-tion and analogy. (shrink)

The numerous biographies on Ignatius of Loyola’s that emerged in recent years have rarely addressed the post mortem treatment received by the body of the Holy Jesuit. Even more, those that actually talked about this chapter of the Saint’s life did not take into account the descriptive and interpretive richness that provides the History of Medicine. Therefore, this paper aims to reconstruct the postmortem treatment received by the body of Ignatius of Loyola’s. In addition, we aim to suggest some ideas (...) about the health professionals who performed the autopsy and subsequent embalming of the corpse, the “signs of holiness” found in the body and the places where it was preserved. (shrink)

Este artículo nos adentra en el estudio del problema del “jansenismo español” durante el siglo de Ilustración. En la primera parte se presenta el origen del jansenismo teológico, moral y disciplinar. Se indican sus representantes y sus obras. Más tarde se convierte en jansenismo político, también llamado jansenismo histórico. La influencia del pensamiento de los jansenistas franceses, holandeses e italianos sobre los jansenistas españoles es evidente y fehaciente. La historiografía sobre el particular es abundante. Se presentan las características más importantes (...) del jansenismo español, en relación con el despotismo ilustrado, el regalismo y el reformismo, además de un gran interés por la Biblia, el Derecho y la Historia. (shrink)

In Mexico, there is little research on the study of self-injury and even less on possible explanatory models. With this in mind, this study aimed to determine the relationship between self-injury and depression, emotional dysregulation, and coping styles, to generate an explanatory model of the problem. The study was carried out using a quantitative, cross-sectional, explanatory scope, design and a sample of 5835 adolescents enrolled in 62 public high schools in the state of Sonora. Logistic regressions were performed for data (...) analysis, and as a result it was found that, for students with severe self-injury, the model explains 61 % of the variance in the data and correctly classifies 84.1 % of the participants; whereas, in mild self-injury, the model explains 72 % of the variance in the data and correctly classifies 88.2 % of the students. Likewise, the depression dimensions showed the highest explanatory level and positive correlations with emotional dysregulation and avoidance coping style, as well as negative correlations with approach coping style. At the end, the importance of the independent variables for future research is discussed, as well as anomalous results and other data of interest. (shrink)

Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur—the world wants to be deceived, so let it be deceived.Artificial intelligence has been a deceiving discipline: AI addresses those tasks that, if performed by humans, would require intelligence, but have been solved without featuring any genuine intelligence. This delusion has come, in return, with algorithmic techniques that can reliably solve many of these tasks, from game playing to pattern recognition. AI applications are a success.However, AI has not solved “what makes [us] clever, the puzzle of (...) intelligence”. Those that expect that this book brings the answer will have their hopes deceived. This book is about what does not make us clever, a restatement of Fodor’s “The mind doesn’t work that way” . Partridge swings between condescending scepticism and bitter negativism with most of what AI has become, and reaches fierce disparagement of the technological singularity visionaries.The main message of the book is that science is stil .. (shrink)

Este artículo nos adentra en el estudio de la figura de san Martín de Tours, el apóstol de la Galia, cuya influencia se deja sentir en toda Europa, especialmente en España. Se trata del primer santo no mártir después de la paz de Constantino. Resultó ser soldado por fuerza, obispo por obligación, monje por gusto. Representa un nuevo modelo de santidad. De eremita evoluciona a la vida cenobítica, como padre de monjes; y como obispo es el defensor civitatis además del (...) gran evangelizador del mundo rural de la Galia. A su alrededor se generan otros santos. Por otra parte, Tours es la ciudad en que comienza la via turonensis del célebre Camino de Santiago. El Apóstol Santiago y Martín de Tours comparten culto y compiten en santidad como grandes taumaturgos. (shrink)